Hamlets View and Treatment of Women free essay sample

In William Shakespeares play Hamlet Hamlets treatment and ideas of women are influenced greatly by his mother, Gertrude. His jealously causes him to become infatuated with his mother and she becomes the main symbol of women for Hamlet throughout the play. When she betrays him it forces Hamlet to have a negative opinion towards all women. Hamlet is obsessed with the betrayal by his mother, which causes him to mistreat woman in general and leads to his eventual tragedy. After the death of King Hamlet, Queen Gertrude is forced to remarry to Hamlet’s uncle, Claudius. Hamlet is furious with his mother’s hasty marriage and believes she should be grieving much more than she is. It is extremely difficult for Hamlet to accept the fact that his mother was able to replace his father so quickly. From this marriage Hamlet only thinks poorly of his mother and becomes obsessed with the betrayal she has demonstrated. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlets View and Treatment of Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After putting on a play which obviously bothered the king, Gertrude invites Hamlet into her closet to discuss the matter. During this time Hamlet allows all of his built up emotions to finally be expressed: â€Å" Nay, but to live in the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, stew’d in corruption honeying and making love over the nasty sty! † (3. 4. 91-94) Hamlet begins to discuss, in great detail, the idea of his mother in bed. These sexual thoughts of his mother consume Hamlets mind, and demonstrates the idea of the Oedipus Complex. The Oedipus Complex is a theory that children Lee 2 subconsciously have sexual desires for the parent of the opposite sex. The hasty marriage between his mother and uncle perhaps trigger the hidden sexual desires Hamlet is having towards his mother. It is not uncommon for the child to have feelings of hatred towards the parent of the same sex, and Hamlet appears as more as an envious lover than a worried son: Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous eyes, she married- O most wicked speed! To post with such dexterity to incestuous sheets! (1. 2. 155) Hamlet is upset with his mother for forgetting so quickly about his fathers death and believes this new marriage soils the memory of King Hamlet. From this marriage Hamlet mostly focuses on thoughts of his mother with Claudius, and this consumes his conscience. He holds his mother in high regards and does not understand why Gertrude cannot control her sexual desires. It is clear that this new marriage sparked something deep within Hamlet. It obviously drew out feelings of the Oedipus Complex from his subconscious because Hamlet even goes so far as too tell his mother to not sleep with Claudius anymore. Now his mother’s betrayal paints a tarnished picture of all woman in Hamlet’s mind. Nowadays people like to look at a mans relationship with his mother to see how he will handle other woman in his life. Hamlet is a prime example of how a sons treatment of his mother reflects how he will deal with the woman he loves. Hamlets treatment of his mother is a parallel to his treatment of Ophelia. It is clear Hamlet is infuriated with his mother and uses Ophelia as an outlet to express this. As Gertrude plays with Hamlets emotions, Hamlet does the same with Ophelia. From this we see his relationship with Ophelia suffer. The obsession Hamlet has with the betrayal of his mother causes his relationship with Ophelia to deteriorate greatly. Hamlet obviously takes all of the frustration he has towards his Lee 3 mother out on Ophelia. This is most clearly shown in Act 3, Scene 1 where he begins to attack and insult Ophelia out of nowhere: â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery† (3. 1. 121) Hamlet, being as witty as he is, is using â€Å"nunnery† as a slang term for brothel. He quite simply calls Ophelia a whore. Perhaps Hamlet is finally releasing the negative feelings he as for Gertrude more severely towards Ophelia. Hamlet believes Ophelia belongs in a whorehouse merely because of the bad impression of all women that Gertrude has illustrated in his mind. Hamlet continues with his mercilessness insults: â€Å"Why, wouldst thou be a breeder of sinner? † (3. 1. 121) Hamlet says that if anyone ever were to marry Ophelia, she would only give birth to sinners. Hamlet continues the unexplained attack. All of Hamlets abuse comes out of nowhere and completely takes Ophelia by surprise. When Ophelia returns Hamlets gifts and lies to his face about the plan Polonius has hatched any image of love Hamlet has is destroyed. Ophelias loyalty to her father proves to Hamlet his negative theory towards women because he feels she is being dishonest to Hamlet. The seriousness of Hamlet and Ophelia’s relationship is never fully explained, but it is obvious they share some feelings for each other. After her death, Hamlet is distraught. While watching her funeral he approaches her brother, Laertes, and Hamlet shares that he really did love Ophelia: â€Å"I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of love make up my sum. † (5. 1. 262) It is proven that Hamlet had genuine and strong feelings for Ophelia, but he allowed the obsession with his mothers betrayal to consume his mind and evidently ruin his relationship with her. Hamlet and Ophelias relationship is destroyed because Hamlet cannot help to believe that Ophelia will end up treating Hamlet like Gertrude treated King Hamlet. It is not until Ophelias death that Hamlet realizes his true feelings for her since he was so blinded by the anger towards his mother. Lee 4 Apart from Ophelia, the betrayal of his mother causes Hamlet to have a negative view of women in general. During this time it was not uncommon for woman to be viewed as lesser, but this feeling is intensified for Hamlet as his mother is now the main symbol of all woman for him. Once she betrays Hamlet she becomes a beacon of negativity for women in Hamlets eyes: Frailty, thy name is woman. (1. 2. 146) His bitterness towards women leads him to believe they are all dishonest and untrustworthy. To Hamlet they are characterized as fragile and submissive and he sees them as much more weaker than men: Why, what an ass am I! This is most brace, that I, the son of a dear father murderd, prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, must, like a whore, unpack my heart with words and fall a-cursing like a very drab, a scullion! (2. 2. 58) Hamlet is implying that since he has not avenged his fathers death he is a coward, like a woman. It is obvious that women did not have the same rights as men and were viewed differently during this time, but Hamlets opinion of them is impacted greatly by his mother. Gertrude is the most important woman in Hamlets life and is the main image of all women for him. When she remarries Hamlet sees her as disloyal and disrespectful. As she is the main woman in his life, Hamlet cant help to believe that his is how all women behave. Hamlet allows his mothers decisions to be the basis of all of womens characteristics in society. Once he is betrayed by his mother, he believes that any women he will marry will do the same to him, and that leaves a negative view of women in Hamlets mind. In conclusion, the infatuation Hamlet has with his mothers betrayal diminishes his view of women and causes him to treat them poorly. Hamlets main motive towards the harsh treatment of his mother is jealousy and anger. Hamlet uses his mother as an outline for all Lee 5 women and this alters his view and treatment of them as well. He fears that they will betray him like his mother did and cannot shake this thought from his conscience. This obsession with his mothers betrayal ultimately impacts any of Hamlets relationships with females and his general view of women.

How to Build Your Own Style Guide

How to Build Your Own Style Guide How to Build Your Own Style Guide How to Build Your Own Style Guide By Mark Nichol I recently wrote a post advising writers and editors responsible for print or online publications to create their own style guide to supplement whichever published manual they follow, be it The Chicago Manual of Style, The Associated Press Stylebook, or a similar volume. Sensible enough, but how does one go about this task? First, note that a house style guide is not a comprehensive compendium; it is a resource that details rules and guidelines for consistency that contradict or are not covered in other resources. That said, a house style guide can range from a couple of pages to more than a thousand. (The Chicago Manual of Style, which exceeds that latter number, is simply a house style guide that escaped from the University of Chicago Press, for which it was created more than a hundred years ago, and went viral.) The size depends on how often, and how significantly, your publication veers from default resources and how complex its subject matter is. The first step is to select a style manual of record and a dictionary of record and to document that selection prominently in your house style guide. These publications should, with few exceptions, be the only ones of their kind that anyone who writes for your publication consults. For example, if you use Chicago, no one on your staff should be thumbing through The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage (or vice versa). And if a writer objects to your correction of their spelling, which they checked against The Oxford English Dictionary, inform them that your publication adheres to Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (or vice versa). (Exceptions include if your style guide or dictionary of record does not cover a certain issue or include a specific term.) Most style guides resemble encyclopedias or dictionaries in their organizational scheme, presenting information according to alphabetically arranged topics. For example, a house style guide might start with the following entries and the indicated details about them: Abbreviations (Which are acceptable?) Acronyms and Initialisms (Which can be used without first spelling out the entire term?) Addresses (When is abbreviation allowed?) Then, continue through topics starting with the letters B (such as bylines), C (capitalization, for example), and so on. To populate your house style guide, read through your publication’s (or any publication’s) content and brainstorm all the issues that come up. Here are some other examples: Cities (Which should be identified by the country in which they’re located, and which city names are sufficiently well known to stand alone? This entry might simply refer the reader to another resource, or to an appendix in the house style guide.) Colons (Capitalize the first word following a colon?) Company Names (Formal, as in â€Å"Microsoft Corporation,† or familiar, as in Microsoft, and maybe even Redmond from time to time?) Cross-References (How do you refer to other content previously published in your publication?) Entries should be clear and concise even terse and imperative and should include an example: For instance, a note about percentages might simply say, â€Å"Spell out percent but retain numeral form (â€Å"37 percent,† not â€Å"thirty-seven percent† or â€Å"37%†). Remember not to get carried away replicating rules found in your style guide or dictionary of record, especially at the expense of including essentials such as whether you employ the serial comma, how you style em dashes, or whether the text following a copyright symbol is preceded by a letter space. And no house style guide should omit a section about number style (cross-referenced to related entries such as the rule about percentages shown above). Also, don’t forget a word list. This is a record of idiosyncratic terms that don’t show up in the dictionary, because they’re neologisms or highly specific technical terms, or because they reflect variations in spelling. (For example, the founder of a publishing company I freelance for prefers some British American spellings, such as acknowledgements and grey, so those appear in the word list of his company’s house style guide.) Some house style guides, like the ones that have become universal resources, are organized by broad themes such as abbreviations, numbers, and special treatment of terms (such as capitalization and italics), but specific alphabetic entries are more useful. The Associated Press Stylebook goes to the other extreme, including entries for specific terms, from antiwar (to demonstrate the absence of a hyphen in that term) to â€Å"Major League Baseball† (to indicate that this term is a proper noun) to zookeeper (to show that this term is a closed compound), plus more comprehensive entries for general rules and a separate section on punctuation. A thematic organization with a word list is more manageable. One last note: A house style guide is a living document subject to change at any time, so refrain from using a hard copy you and other users will have to mark up with changes and additions (or frequently print out after updates are made). Encourage colleagues who might actually use the document to consult an online version that you or someone else manage; you might even make it available on an intranet or on Google Docs, with read-only access for anyone not authorized to amend it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†50 Synonyms for "Assistant"9 Forms of the Past Tense

Global Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Global Warming - Research Paper Example The causes of global warming appear to be an increase in carbon dioxide and other pollutants that collect in the earth’s atmosphere and trap the sun’s heat causing the earth to become warmer. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources such as aerosols, automobiles and industrial factories. Scientists from all over the globe have found evidence that global warming began approximately 18,000 years ago giving credibility to the argument that global warming may also be attributed to natural evolution. Some scientists have found that a majority of the global warming effect is the result of the human race and how it has treated the environment though there is debate on what has caused global warming as well as the severity of the issue. Over the course of the earth’s history, there have been changes in climate and temperature so while a change may not initially seem to be unusual, the increase in average temperature has occurred faster then at any other know t ime period. However, there is agreement that regardless of cause, global warming is having an adverse effect on the environment. Some of these more obvious effects are the increase in wild fires, droughts, dust storms and the decline of the Arctic polar ice cap. Unless changes are made such as more efficient use of energy, this damage to the earth and its atmosphere will continue at an alarming rate. There is not much debate as to the need to slow down this process and many methods for protecting the environment have been introduced, but while this may slow down the impact of Global Warming it is unclear if the effects that have already taken place can be reversed. Environmental change is not new and extreme climate changes, such as the Ice Age, have occurred throughout the Earth’s history without human intervention. These changes not only alter the atmosphere but also modify life on earth. One of the more commonly discussed concerns is what is known

The Means for Effective Interpersonal Communication between Couples Essay

The Means for Effective Interpersonal Communication between Couples - Essay Example Most of the time, we tend to look at the faults and weaknesses of others while making quick judgments or conclusions at the same time. This usually is the first action since it is part of our innate instinct to be on the defensive, both physically and psychologically. Knowing this, you are already aware that taking your own side first in any argument is an instinctive reaction. Of course, that kind of action does not really deal with the problem initially. The first step in having an effective and happy interpersonal communication as a couple is to first look into your own self. This requires serious introspection and a degree of private time away from each other. Introspection requires a long and deep look into one’s own personality and character. Just imagine having to sit in front of a mirror while asking yourself questions about your own self. Some of the questions that could be asked would be about good traits, inherent character strengths, character flaws, and weaknesses. The primary reason why this step is important is because it practices you to be self-aware of mistakes that might have been overlooked. More often than not, it is easy to point fingers at the mistakes of others while forgetting that you have your own shortcomings as well. To be more conscious of your own mistakes is a matter of mindfulness. After spending a great deal of time understanding your personality and behavior, the next step is to have a self-appraisal on your personal manner of communicating. You have to realize that for an effective interpersonal communication to happen between couples, it is also important to know how you would communicate with yourself and if you have communication competencies. The issue is not whether or not you are good in expressing yourself. You can express yourself clearly but still send the wrong sentiments. Most of the time, it is the manner and not the message that has the

Development from birth †19 years Essay Example for Free

Development from birth – 19 years Essay The guide below explains what you might expect from the development of the child through various ages: Physical development: this refers to the body increasing in ability and functionality and comprises of gross motor skills (using large muscles) with movement in their legs and arms whilst also developing fine motor skills (precise use of muscles) such as the movement of fingers and toes. New born babies will lie on their backs with their head held to one side yet turn their head looking for a teat or nipple. They will have primitive reflexes such as swallowing, rooting, grasping, stepping and sucking. By 1 month old head control will be still be unsteady, and their hands will be in tight fists. Babies will grasp at objects that have touched the palm of their hands. they may turn their heads and eyes in unison and smile at familiar faces, smells or sounds, they also like to observe the face of adults at feeding time. At 3 months old they can hold a small object such as a rattle for a few seconds if placed in their hand and enjoys observing movements of their own hands and play with them, kicking their legs and waving arms. They can lift their head and turn when placed on their front. At 4 months they will use their arms to support themselves when laying on their stomachs and can turn from their back to their side. They will hold onto and shake small objects. They will, with support start sitting and will gradually sit unaided by 6 months. They will raise their hands in anticipation of being lifted. At 6 months they will roll over and push their head and chest off the floor when placed on their front. Their hand grasp is more prevalent with whole hand use to pass an object from one hand to the next. At 9 months they will start to move around either by crawling or shuffling and are able to sit alone without the need of support. They will reach out for toys when sitting and poke at small items with their index finger. They will use index and middle fingers along with their thumb in a pincer grip to hold onto small objects and will take and hold a small brick in each hand. They will lift a block but are only capable of releasing it by dropping. If a young baby is held upright they will try to make stepping movements on a firm surface. They will be startled by sudden sounds or bright lights. When hungry, in pain, need changing or comforting they will cry. In their first year they will start to move around either by crawling or shuffling and eventually try to start walking with support. They will start to demonstrate hand inclination and pick up small objects using a tidy pincer grip. They enjoy have the ability to feed themselves and will enjoy doing so, holding cups with assistance. They can click 2 cubes together and put cubes into a box after first being shown had to do so. They can understand the world around them and know who their main carers are and may possibly cry when left with someone they are not familiar with. They will wave goodbye and point at things with their fingers. At 18 months they will clumsily hold a pencil or crayon and try to write with it and use their hands skilfully to arrange and move small objects,dropping things onto the floor whilst looking to see where they are. They can walk downstairs with a held hand and push or pull toys when walking. They can now walk alone and will try to kick, throw and roll a ball. They can turn handles and pull off their shoes, they can use a spoon and hold objects with a delicate pincer grip. They can squat to pick up an object from the floor and will assist with dressing/undressing. By 24 months children can walk up and down the stairs using both feet on each step and will climb onto furniture. They can put their own shoes on and start to use their favourite hand. At 3 years old they can draw dots and circles and build a tower with 6 bricks. They can climb, run and pedal a tricycle, jump from small steps and walk upstairs on alternate feet whilst also being able to walk on tiptoe, they can also kick a ball confidently. They will be able to use the toilet alone, undo buttons and thread large beads. They will clumsily hold a pencil or crayon and try to write with it enjoying painting and drawing activities and are capable of drawing a face. They will also enjoy reading books and having stories read to them, turning single pages in the book. They can build towers with up to 9 bricks and bridges with the bricks when shown. At 4 years old they can walk backwards following a line, run, hop throw, aim and catch a large ball. They can using scissors cut around an object and is able to copy a picture of a square. They can construct a large tower, do a 12 piece jigsaw and button/unbutton their clothes. They are now capable of brushing their own teeth. At the age of 5 years they can skip, run quickly, hit a ball with a bat. They can dress/undress themselves with ease, precisely use scissors and form letters whilst writing their own name. They will draw a person with a body, head and legs and a house. They can complete a 20 piece jigsaw. Between the ages of 6 7 years children will enjoy are now capable of hopping, skating roller blading, skateboarding and bike riding. They can balance on a wall or beam, build complex models and have finer control of constructing bricks, jigsaws etc. The can tie/untie laces and sew simple stitches. They will be able to do detailed drawings and take control of their pencil in a small area. Between 8 12 years they will greatly improve on their physical skills that are already acquired. Puberty will start at around 10 years old for girls with an increase in body strength and a sudden growth spurt. Through the ages of 13 19 years a child/young adults brains development will increase in line with their co-ordination and reaction times. For girls by the age of 14 puberty will be complete and periods will be starting whereas with boys puberty will be between the ages of 13 – 16 years and they will become physically stronger than girls. Social and emotional development: this refers to the development of the childs own identity and self image. Some may want to start doing things for themselves and become more independent. They will develop a sense of their own identity. Learning to live in a family unit and with others in society is a vital part of development in which will be contributed by friends and family. In the initial few months babies will recognise familiar voices and faces, they will try to people please and bay for attention by performing for their audience through laughter and giggles. They will enjoy playing games with others such as peek a boo. From birth to 4 weeks a baby will respond unequivocally to the main carer whilst imitating facial expressions. They will stare at shiny, bright objects At 1 month old they will look intently at carers and social smile for them by 6 weeks old. 4 months old they will try and captivate their carers attention by smiling and vocally. 6 months old they become fascinated with other babies and smile at them. They will interact differently to a variety of family members and begin to seek attention. They become more enamoured in social interaction, dependent on his/her personality and time spent with other children. They may use a comfort object such as a blanket or teddy and display a fear of strangers and separation anxieties when without the main carer. By 9 months old they recognise familiar and unfamiliar faces whilst showing stranger anxiety. They are now very curious in all around them. At 1 year old they become more demanding, emotionally temperamental and assertive. Temper tantrums may begin and they may become despondent about changes to their normal schedule. They may express their anger at being told not to do something and start to develop object continuity. They will begin to play alone. They can now distinguish between themselves and others and is aware of the emotions of other individuals yet still self obsessed with regards to their own view of the world. By 18 months they will show signs of stranger shyness and have tantrums when upset often know as the terrible twos They have trouble understanding the concept of sharing and believe that everything is mine They dislike changes to their routine and can be very selfish. They should now start toilet training. At 2 years old they are still reluctant to share but enjoy the company of other children and may show concern if another child becomes upset. They remain self important are starting to become emotionally stable yet still inclined to sudden mood swings. They know their own identity and are learning to have short periods of time separated from their carers such as attending nursery. At 3 years of age they become more confident and self motivated and have a greater social awareness. They may worry about not fitting in or being liked. They will play alongside others and in 2s or 3s, sharing ideas and being friendly to other children. They may also have best friends. They feel stable and emotionally secure and are less anxious with regards to separation. They are becoming more independent but still need the support and guidance of adults and may fear the loss of a carer. They begin to recognise themselves as an individual. They have a strong sense gender identity. Moral development does not normally occur until a child reaches the age of 3. By 4 years old children enjoy role play and dressing up activities. They start to take turns and respond to reasoning whilst enjoying their independence still need reassurance and encouragement. They understand united and competitive events. At 5 years of age they become absorbed in activities and have a positive sense of self awareness. They become concerned about fitting in and being liked. They establish a fear of the unknown such as monsters under the bed or ghosts. Between the ages of 6 – 7 years children to form stable friendships and are very sympathetic of the other persons needs. They tend to play in separate sex groups. They are fairly self-assured and independent with an increased sense of integrity. Friendships become vital between the ages of 8 – 12 years and are mainly same sex friendships. They are anxious of how others view them and are often hesitant with regards to changes. Between the ages of 13 – 19 years puberty and body changes along with a surge in hormones can disrupt self esteem, they may want to spend more time with friends rather than with their family. They may bow to peer pressure but may also become more self assured with regards to changes in surroundings. They need to determine transitions into adulthood. Intellectual development: These are the learning skills of concentration, understanding and memory. This area of development is greatly influenced by the learning practices a child has. They may imitate others and try to find ways of behaving in play. New born babies will stare intently at their carer and cry when a basic need requires consideration. Their head and eyes will turn towards soft light and blink in reaction to bright ones. At 1 month old they will stare and follow the direction of a dangling ball whilst gazing intently at soft lights. At 3 months they track movements of both small and large objects. At 6 months old they can automatically fix their sight onto small objects nearby and reach out to hold them. They are inquisitive and become readily distracted by movements. They will watch objects fall when in range of their vision. They like to put everything into their mouth. At 9 months they will look towards the direction of falling objects. At 12 months of age they will drop objects purposely whilst watching them fall (casting) Should an object roll out of vision they will look correctly to the area it has gone to. They can distinguish familiar individuals up to 6 metres away. They begin to point at objects of interest outside at the age of 18 months and build towers of 3 cubes when first demonstrated to. They will turn pages in books although may be several at a time rather than singular, relish picture books and point to named characters and objects. They will point to various basic parts of the body. From 3 years of age they will match 2 or 3 primary colours and paint with large brushes and make basic cuts with scissors. They can copy crosses and circles and draw a person with a head. By 5 years they are capable of copying squares and a range of letters, often done with a degree of spontaneity. They can now draw a person with a body, head, arms, legs and certain aspects. They can also draw a house. Pictures will be coloured methodically. They can now name primary colours and match 10 or more of them. They can duplicate symbols, numbers and letters and can decipher between lighter and heavier objects. They understand positioning of behind, next to and in front of. They can rote count up to 20 and know the time of day for basic activities such as school time, bedtime etc. By 6 years of age they are attaining the ability to write some words freely and copy others. They can read basic books sight reading 10 or more words. They can count up to 100 and understand the concept of half and whole. They know when it is their birthday and can predict events that are happening next. Paintings and drawings are now more intricate and sophisticated. Between the ages of 6 – 8 years they develop the capability of thinking about several things at once and comprehend the use of symbols in writing and maths etc. They are more inquisitive to the workings of his/her surroundings. They enjoy participating in games and understand rules. Between 8 – 12 years they are increasingly favouring certain subjects and apply reasoning and logic to certain issues. They can read and write with confidence and are becoming more creative in their play. They learn to transfer the knowledge gained from one situation and use it productively in the next task. Ages 13 – 19 years they develop the ability to think more complexly and will query sources of information. They are becoming more aware of global activities and occurrences. They will have a clear inclination for arts and sciences. Options with regards to their future employment and further education are being explored. Communication and speech development Non verbal communication is as vital to children as it is to adults. In fact children are more likely to use it than adults. Speech is a characteristic of development that can alter greatly without any association to other developmental bearing or to the childs intellectual being. Pre-linguistic is the term given to the stage up to approximately 12 months when a child is beginning to say its first words. Linguistic is the descriptive term given to words with meaning. Pre-linguistic stage Birth to 4 weeks a baby will cry when its basic needs are not being met i.e. hungry, needs changing, emotionally distressed. At 1 month old a baby may stop crying at the sound of a human voice (unless distraught) freeze when a sound is played near to their ear, moving their head towards the sound. Coos in reaction to their carers voice. At 3 months old a baby becomes silent and will turn its head towards the noise of a rattle nearby and make vocal sounds when being spoken to or are alone. When 6 months old they will giggle and shriek loudly during play. They respond variably to different tones of voices. They make baby vowel sounds such as goo ga ga and aah-aah They begin to react to sounds that are out of vision with the appropriate visual response. Babies will shout for attention from 9 months and vocalises for a connection. They will begin to use dual syllable words such as baba mam-mam and dad-dad They duplicate adult vocal sounds like lip smacking or coughing. They can comprehend the meaning of no and bye-bye. They will have an instantaneous reaction to to a hearing test performed out of vision and behind the baby. At 1 years of age a baby will know its own name and can perceive roughly 20 words in context. They can comprehend simple messages for example close your eyes, clap hands. They will use gibberish in conversation form with majority vowel sounds. Linguistic stage 12 – 18 months, babies will use between 6 – 20 recognisable words as their first words and can understand much more of what is spoken to them. They will reverberate leading or last words in sentences. They will try to affiliate themselves in nursery rhymes and respond appropriately to simple instructions such as pick up your toy or pass me your cup At 18 – 24 months they begin to make basic 2 word sentences and can use more than 200 words by the age of 2 years old. Their speech will be telegraphic in that they will use key vital words but may miss out connective ones. They will refer to their own name and talk to themselves during play themed activities. Between the ages of 2 – 3 years they have a increasing expanse of dialect including plurals. They can participate in simple conversations and enjoy the repetitiveness of the their favourite stories being re told. They can now rote count to 10. Between 3 – 4 years their speech will understood by strangers and can form short, grammatically accurate sentences. Although they may still make errors of tenses they now begin to ask many questions such as why? who? and how? They can name parts of their body and also name animals. Between the years of 4 – 8 speech is more fluent and precise, they will use a more expressive language. They can inform you of their full name, address and birthday and will enjoy jokes, songs and rhymes etc. They have a increasing expanse of vocabulary – 5,000 words by the age of 5. They will recognise when an unfamiliar word is used and will question the meaning of it and can imitate correctly accents that they have heard. They can form most sounds with some residual trouble at some letter groups. From 8 years onwards the majority of children are fluent speakers, writers and readers off their own language with the enhanced use of peer influenced, de coded speech. With the autistic child I work along side I follow the guidelines of P Levels which is a programme that gives me information on the varying categories of the developmental processs. I then can record each and every stage my autistic pupil is at and refer to what his expectations are and also via his Individual Educational Learning Plan (IEP)

Childhood Essay -- Gender Roles

The majority of people around the world would classify the age of childhood to be between the ages of zero to eighteen years. One’s childhood is based upon recollections and memories of what happened in one’s past. However, some individuals may recall their childhood, while others may vaguely recall their childhood and others may simply need assistance from a family member or friend to reinforce what happened in those years in order for them to remember. Comprehending our memory is important in making sense of our personal identity. Memory serves as a form of knowledge for us. It can contribute to understanding our childhood as it brings us into contact with past events. Our memory helps us recall events that occurred in the past even though, at times, our perception of the actual facts are somewhat inaccurate. What has been forgotten indicates that it might have been too painful or insignificant to recall. There is a resistance to not remember things that caus e us pain. Therefore memory is selective. In terms of gender roles they are defined by ideologies within society. Being an ethnographer, it can be argued that childhood can be studied and explored by separating male and females from each other. The attached photograph (Appendix A) emphasizes me as a child and illustrates what I enjoyed doing most of my infancy years and what I wanted to become. In terms of children’s popular culture, the study that I am conducting is essentially centered around children’s toys, which can be defined by gender preferences. By doing research my main focus of my methodology is primarily on memory work and, as I am aware, memory is flawed. Gender roles help identify childhood in terms of what society categorizes males vs. femal... ...res depict our identity in our early years. My identity was clearly defined by owning the doll as it made me feel in control, special and loved. Being able to care for something so precious and so small made me feel so important. In closing, childhood can be seen through various terms and implications. Numerous objects such as social variables, nostalgia, adult agendas, popular culture all influence the concept of gender roles and identities. These terms have great impact when defining theory of gender roles, especially when relating it to this photograph. Photographs taken together uncover a layer of meaning. Working with childhood memory is a project of recreating the past and yearning for that idealistic past and trying to fit it into the present day world. Working through our childhood toy memories is our desire to long for the perfect past.

Analysis of “The Ethics of Respect for nature”

In this paper, I will be conducting an analysis of the article â€Å"The Ethics of Respect for nature† written by Paul W. Taylor. In this paper Taylor presented the foundational structure for a life-centered theory of environmental ethics. The structures according to Taylor are based on three categories which are related. The first part of the structure is called respect for nature. What this section of the article basically talked about was how human being only respects living things. And it also mentioned how if we as human beings were to adapt to the life-centered system of environmental ethics, the way in which we view the world right now will have to have to change we would be caring for nature more than we are now. Taylor argued that, it is the good (well-being, welfare) of individual organisms, considered as entities having inherent worth that determines our moral relations with the Earth’s wild communities of life. In order to prove his argument he was able to relate the argument with the anthropocentric views. In the anthropocentric view, human actions affecting the natural environment and its nonhuman inhabitants are right (or wrong) by either of two criteria: they have consequences which are favorable (or unfavorable) to human well-being, or they are consistent (or inconsistent) with the system of norms that protect and implement human rights. From this human-centered standpoint it is to humans and only to humans that all duties are ultimately owed (James). We as human have no obligation to promote or protect the good of nonhuman living things. The difference between the life-centered system of environmental ethic and the human-centered system of environmental ethic is in life centered system (as noted earlier) we as human will have more duty to the nature. Our duties to respect the integrity of natural ecosystems, to preserve endangered species, and to avoid environmental pollution stem from the fact that these are ways in which we can help make it possible for wild species populations to achieve and maintain a healthy existence in a natural state (Taylor). Our duties with respect to the â€Å"world† of nature would be seen as making prima facie claims upon us to be balanced against our duties with respect to the â€Å"world† of human civilization. We could no longer simply take the human point of view and consider the effects of our actions exclusively from the perspective of our own good. The evidence that the author used to justify the respect of nature is by making clear the fundamental moral attitude that underlies and makes intelligible the commitment to live by such a system. The second part of the structure is a belief system that constitutes a way of conceiving of the natural world and of our place in it. This belief system underlies and supports the attitude in a way that makes it an appropriate attitude to take toward the Earth’s natural ecosystems and their life communities. This section focuses more on the perception of biocentric outlook on nature. Taylor believed that the biocentric outlook on nature has four components; the first is human are thought of as member of the earth’s community of life, second the earth’s natural ecosystems as a totality are seen as a complex web of interconnected elements, with the sound biological functioning of each being dependent on the sound biological functioning of the others. Third, each individual organism is conceived of as a teleological center of life, pursuing its own good in its own way. And the last component, whether we are concerned with standards of merit or with the concept of inherent worth, the claim that humans by their very nature are superior to other species is a groundless claim and, in the light of elements (1), (2), and (3) above, must be rejected as nothing more than an irrational bias in our own favor (Taylor). To further understand his argument he was able to relate human with other species in a biological aspect. The laws of genetics, of natural selection, and of adaptation apply equally to all of us as biological creatures. In this light we consider ourselves as one with them, not set apart from them. We, as well as they, must face certain basic conditions of existence that impose requirements on us for our survival and well-being. Each animal and plant is like us in having a good of its own. This argument is considered a strong one because it logically self-explanatory and there are many scientific evidence to support this argument (Darwin’s theory of evolution). What differentiate us humans from any other species according to Taylor is our good. This argument is reasonable because, although our human good (what is of true value in human life, including the exercise of individual autonomy in choosing our own particular value systems) is not like the good of a nonhuman animal or plant, it can no more be realized than their good can without the biological necessities for survival and physical health (Taylor). Taylor also argued about the possibility of extinction. The possibility of the extinction of the human species, a possibility which starkly confronts us in the contemporary world, makes us aware of another respect in which we should not consider ourselves privileged beings in relation to other species. This argument has some strength to it because according to biology, the well-being of humans is dependent upon the ecological soundness and health of many plant and animal communities, while their soundness and health does not in the least depend upon human well-being. Thinking about it, one can argue that the existence of the human race is not necessary. Every last man, woman, and child could disappear from the face of the Earth without any significant detrimental consequence for the good of wild animals and plants. On the contrary, many of them would be greatly benefited. The destruction of their habitats by human â€Å"developments† would cease. The poisoning and polluting of their environment would come to an end. The Earth’s land, air, and water would no longer be subject to the degradation they are now undergoing as the result of large-scale technology and uncontrolled population growth. Life communities in natural ecosystems would gradually return to their former healthy state. Tropical forests, for example, would again be able to make their full contribution to a life-sustaining atmosphere for the whole planet. The rivers, lakes, and oceans of the world would eventually become clean again. Spilled oil, plastic trash, and even radioactive waste might finally, after many centuries, cease doing their terrible work. Ecosystems would return to their proper balance, suffering only the disruptions of natural events such as volcanic eruptions and glaciation. The third component is a system of moral rules and standards for guiding our treatment of those ecosystems and life communities, a set of normative principles which give concrete embodiment or expression to the attitude of respect for nature. Taylor was able to support his argument by relating the idea of human superiority to the system of moral rules. The relations that the author made in this case certainly helped his argument because, knowing that we as human are superior to other animals, we tend to overlook the morals in which we are supposed to look at which result in humans not respecting other species (James). The author also argued that various nonhuman species have capacities that humans lack. There is the speed of a cheetah, the vision of an eagle, the agility of a monkey. Why should not these be taken as signs of their superiority over humans in the way we as human treat other species? This evidence is reliable because according to research a cheetah is faster than an average human being, an eagle has a much better vision than an average human and a monkey is much more agile than an average human being (Taylor). In the aspect of moral rights and the matter of competing claims, Taylor argued that animals and plants should not be included in the class that have moral rights. He argued that there is no reason, why plants and animals, including whole species populations and life communities, cannot be accorded legal rights under my theory. This is a strong argument because to grant them legal protection could be interpreted as giving them legal entitlement to be protected, and this, in fact, would be a means by which a society that subscribed to the ethics of respect for nature could give public recognition to their inherent worth (James). The strength of this article is that it can be related to many aspect of the human race today in consideration to the definition of right and human rights today. Most of the term that was used in the article was well defined for example the definition of both life and human centered environmental ethics. There was also enough adequate support of his argument, for example in the way Taylor used the anthropocentric view to support his argument of life-centered environmental ethics. One weakness that I found in this article is the way the author went about relating his topic in order to make his argument more sufficient. The author should have stated in introduction that he will be using â€Å"the attitude of respect of nature†, â€Å"the good of being and the concept of worth† etc. to support his argument instead of jumping into the discussion. In conclusion, Taylor presented the foundational structures for a life-centered theory of environmental ethics. The structures according to Taylor are based on three categories which are related. The first part of the structure is called respect for nature, the second part of the structure is a belief system that constitutes a way of conceiving of the natural world and of our place in it and the third component is a system of moral rules and standards for guiding our treatment of those ecosystems and life communities, a set of normative principles which give concrete embodiment or expression to the attitude of re pect for nature . The author’s main purpose in this paper has been to try to establish a base point from which we can start working toward a solution to the problem. Most of the arguments that Taylor constructed in this paper are really convincing and was supported by evidence both scientific and philosophical evidence.